🔵 B1 Level

📘 Vocabulary

1. Sunlight (n) – natural light from the sun.
   • Phonemic Sound: /ˈsʌn.laɪt/
   • Word Family:
     • Verb: shine (The sun shines brightly.)
     • Adjective: sunny (It’s a sunny day.)
   • Meaning: Light emitted naturally by the sun.
   • Contextual Example: “Plants need sunlight for photosynthesis.”
   • Collocations:
     • Bright sunlight, sunlight streaming through windows.
   • Vietnamese Definition: Ánh sáng tự nhiên từ mặt trời.
   • 🔊 Listen Here: Sunlight pronunciation
2. Drop (v) – to let something fall.
   • Phonemic Sound: /drɒp/
   • Word Family:
     • Noun: drop (A drop of water fell on my hand.)
     • Past Tense: dropped (He dropped his bag.)
   • Meaning: To release or let go of something so that it falls.
   • Contextual Example: “Be careful not to drop your phone.”
   • Collocations:
     • Drop an object, drop off the radar.
   • Vietnamese Definition: Làm rơi hoặc thả một vật gì đó.
   • 🔊 Listen Here: Drop pronunciation
3. Protect (v) – keep safe from harm.
   • Phonemic Sound: /prəˈtɛkt/
   • Word Family:
     • Noun: protection (They need protection from the sun.)
     • Adjective: protective (Wear protective gear.)
   • Meaning: To guard someone or something against harm or danger.
   • Contextual Example: “The sunscreen helps protect your skin.”
   • Collocations:
     • Protect from damage, protect against infection.
   • Vietnamese Definition: Bảo vệ khỏi tổn hại hoặc nguy hiểm.
   • 🔊 Listen Here: Protect pronunciation
4. Light (n) – visible energy from the sun or bulbs.
   • Phonemic Sound: /laɪt/
   • Word Family:
     • Verb: lighten (Lighten up the room with white paint.)
     • Adjective: light (It’s a light shade of blue.)
   • Meaning: The natural agent that makes things visible.
   • Contextual Example: “She turned on the light to read her book.”
   • Collocations:
     • Dim light, bright light.
   • Vietnamese Definition: Ánh sáng từ mặt trời hoặc bóng đèn.
   • 🔊 Listen Here: Light pronunciation

🤝 Collocations

1. Turn red/yellow/orange – to change color in autumn.
   • Example: “The leaves turn red in fall.”
   • Vietnamese Definition: Chuyển màu đỏ/vàng/cam vào mùa thu.
2. Go to the trouble (of doing sth) – to make effort.
   • Example: “He went to the trouble of making a delicious cake for her birthday.”
   • Vietnamese Definition: Tốn công làm việc gì đó.

🔁 Phrasal Verbs

1. Let go (of leaves) – release or drop.
   • Example: “The trees let go of their leaves in autumn.”
   • Vietnamese Definition: Bỏ hoặc thả đi.
2. Drop off – fall or be released.
   • Example: “The apples drop off the tree when they’re ripe.”
   • Vietnamese Definition: Rơi hoặc được thả xuống.
3. Break down – dismantle or decompose.
   • Example: “The leaves break down into the soil to provide nutrients.”
   • Vietnamese Definition: Phân rã hoặc tháo dỡ.

🟠 B2 Level

📘 Vocabulary

1. Capture (v) – absorb or take in (energy/light).
   • Phonemic Sound: /ˈkæp.tʃər/
   • Word Family:
     • Noun: Capturing (The capturing of light is essential for photosynthesis.)
     • Adjective: Captured (The captured energy is stored in cells.)
   • Meaning: To collect or absorb something, especially light or energy.
   • Contextual Example: “Solar panels capture sunlight to produce energy.”
   • Collocations:
     • Capture attention, capture an image, capture energy.
   • Vietnamese Definition: Thu hút hoặc hấp thụ năng lượng/ánh sáng.
   • 🔊 Listen Here: Capture pronunciation
2. Convert (v) – change from one form to another.
   • Phonemic Sound: /kənˈvɜːt/
   • Word Family:
     • Noun: Conversion (The conversion of sunlight into electricity.)
     • Adjective: Converted (This house is converted into a solar-powered home.)
   • Meaning: To transform from one form to another.
   • Contextual Example: “Plants convert carbon dioxide into oxygen.”
   • Collocations:
     • Convert energy into power, convert data.
   • Vietnamese Definition: Chuyển đổi từ dạng này sang dạng khác.
   • 🔊 Listen Here: Convert pronunciation
3. Energy (n) – power derived from physical sources.
   • Phonemic Sound: /ˈɛn.ɚ.dʒi/
   • Word Family:
     • Adjective: Energetic (Children are often energetic in the morning.)
     • Verb: Energize (A good meal energizes the body.)
   • Meaning: The ability to do work or cause change.
   • Contextual Example: “Renewable energy is better for the environment.”
   • Collocations:
     • Energy consumption, energy production.
   • Vietnamese Definition: Năng lượng từ các nguồn vật lý.
   • 🔊 Listen Here: Energy pronunciation
4. Material (n) – substance or matter.
   • Phonemic Sound: /məˈtɪr.i.əl/
   • Word Family:
     • Adjective: Materialistic (A materialistic person focuses on possessions.)
     • Verb: Materialize (His dream materialized after years of work.)
   • Meaning: A physical substance used in creating something.
   • Contextual Example: “Builders are now using sustainable materials.”
   • Collocations:
     • Raw material, construction material.
   • Vietnamese Definition: Vật liệu hoặc chất liệu.
   • 🔊 Listen Here: Material pronunciation
5. Strategy (n) – a plan or method.
   • Phonemic Sound: /ˈstræt.ə.dʒi/
   • Word Family:
     • Adjective: Strategic (Strategic goals are necessary for success.)
     • Verb: Strategize (They strategized to win the competition.)
   • Meaning: A planned way of achieving a goal.
   • Contextual Example: “Her strategy helped solve the problem quickly.”
   • Collocations:
     • Long-term strategy, effective strategy.
   • Vietnamese Definition: Chiến lược hoặc phương pháp.
   • 🔊 Listen Here: Strategy pronunciation
6. Deplete (v) – reduce or exhaust.
   • Phonemic Sound: /dɪˈpliːt/
   • Word Family:
     • Noun: Depletion (The depletion of water is alarming.)
     • Adjective: Depleted (The battery is depleted.)
   • Meaning: To use up resources completely.
   • Contextual Example: “Overuse of land can deplete its nutrients.”
   • Collocations:
     • Deplete resources, deplete energy.
   • Vietnamese Definition: Làm suy giảm hoặc cạn kiệt.
   • 🔊 Listen Here: Deplete pronunciation
7. Reveal (v) – make visible.
   • Phonemic Sound: /rɪˈviːl/
   • Word Family:
     • Noun: Revelation (The revelation surprised everyone.)
     • Adjective: Revealing (The data was very revealing.)
   • Meaning: To make something known or visible.
   • Contextual Example: “The test results revealed a surprising trend.”
   • Collocations:
     • Reveal a secret, reveal data.
   • Vietnamese Definition: Tiết lộ hoặc làm rõ.
   • 🔊 Listen Here: Reveal pronunciation
8. Pigment (n) – substance that gives color.
   • Phonemic Sound: /ˈpɪɡ.mənt/
   • Word Family:
     • Adjective: Pigmented (Pigmented skin contains more melanin.)
   • Meaning: A coloring substance found in living organisms or used in materials.
   • Contextual Example: “Chlorophyll is a pigment that makes plants green.”
   • Collocations:
     • Natural pigment, chemical pigment.
   • Vietnamese Definition: Sắc tố tạo màu.
   • 🔊 Listen Here: Pigment pronunciation
9. Compound (n) – chemical substance.
   • Phonemic Sound: /ˈkɒm.paʊnd/
   • Word Family:
     • Verb: Compound (Stress compounds health problems.)
   • Meaning: A substance made up of multiple elements.
   • Contextual Example: “Salt is a compound of sodium and chloride.”
   • Collocations:
     • Chemical compound, complex compound.
   • Vietnamese Definition: Hợp chất hóa học.
   • 🔊 Listen Here: Compound pronunciation
10. Theory (n) – an idea or explanation.
    • Phonemic Sound: /ˈθɪə.ri/
    • Word Family:
      • Noun: Theorist (The theorist presented his hypothesis.)
      • Verb: Theorize (They theorized about gravity’s effects.)
    • Meaning: A set of ideas intended to explain something.
    • Contextual Example: “The theory of relativity transformed physics.”
    • Collocations:
      • Scientific theory, theory development.
    • Vietnamese Definition: Lý thuyết hoặc giả thuyết.
    • 🔊 Listen Here: Theory pronunciation
11. Proof (n) – evidence to show something is true.
    • Phonemic Sound: /pruːf/
    • Word Family:
      • Verb: Prove (He proved the theory with evidence.)
    • Meaning: Evidence or argument that establishes something as a fact.
    • Contextual Example: “The results provided proof of her hypothesis.”
    • Collocations:
      • Scientific proof, hard proof.
    • Vietnamese Definition: Bằng chứng hoặc chứng cứ.
    • 🔊 Listen Here: Proof pronunciation
12. Suspect (v) – to believe something is likely.
    • Phonemic Sound: /səˈspekt/
    • Word Family:
      • Noun: Suspicion (There was a suspicion of foul play in the incident.)
      • Adjective: Suspicious (His behavior seemed suspicious to the authorities.)
    • Meaning: To think or believe something to be true or likely, often without definite proof.
    • Contextual Example: “The police suspect that the fire was caused by arson.”
    • Collocations:
      • Suspect foul play, suspect a motive, suspect someone of wrongdoing.
    • Vietnamese Definition: Nghi ngờ hoặc tin rằng điều gì đó có khả năng đúng.
    • 🔊 Listen Here: Suspect pronunciation
13. Recognise (v) – to identify something seen before.
    • Phonemic Sound: /ˈrek.əɡ.naɪz/
    • Word Family:
      • Noun: Recognition (His recognition of the problem was quick.)
      • Adjective: Recognizable (The melody was easily recognizable.)
    • Meaning: To be aware of or remember someone or something previously encountered.
    • Contextual Example: “I didn’t recognise her with the new haircut.”
    • Collocations:
      • Recognise a face, recognise the importance, recognise talent.
    • Vietnamese Definition: Nhận ra hoặc nhận biết một người/vật đã biết trước.
    • 🔊 Listen Here: Recognise pronunciation

🤝 Collocations

1. Dismantle a molecule/system – to take apart for analysis or repair.
   • Example: “The scientists dismantled the molecular structure to study its components.”
   • Vietnamese Definition: Tháo dỡ hoặc phân tích phân tử/hệ thống.
2. Water-soluble pigment – pigment that dissolves in water.
   • Example: “The water-soluble pigment is used in eco-friendly dyes.”
   • Vietnamese Definition: Sắc tố tan được trong nước.
3. Newly minted compound – a compound recently created.
   • Example: “The newly minted compound might revolutionize energy storage.”
   • Vietnamese Definition: Hợp chất mới được tạo ra hoặc phát minh.
4. Chemical compound – a substance formed from two or more elements chemically bonded.
   • Example: “The researchers are testing a new chemical compound for pharmaceuticals.”
   • Vietnamese Definition: Hợp chất hóa học gồm nhiều nguyên tố.
5. Sugar-based compound – a chemical substance made from sugar molecules.
   • Example: “The sugar-based compound provides nutrients for plant growth.”
   • Vietnamese Definition: Hợp chất tạo từ phân tử đường.
6. Light-absorbing chemical – a substance that captures light for a specific purpose.
   • Example: “The light-absorbing chemical improves solar panel efficiency.”
   • Vietnamese Definition: Chất hóa học hấp thụ ánh sáng.
7. More resistant host – a plant or organism less affected by pests or diseases.
   • Example: “The more resistant host thrives despite environmental challenges.”
   • Vietnamese Definition: Sinh vật hoặc cây cối ít bị ảnh hưởng bởi sâu bệnh.

🔁 Phrasal Verbs

1. Make sense (of) – to understand something complicated.
   • Example: “Can you help me make sense of these instructions?”
   • Vietnamese Definition: Hiểu rõ hoặc làm sáng tỏ điều gì đó.
2. Lay (eggs) – to produce eggs, typically used for birds and insects.
   • Example: “The hen will lay eggs in the morning.”
   • Vietnamese Definition: Đẻ trứng.
3. Pay attention (to) – to focus on or carefully observe.
   • Example: “Please pay attention to the safety guidelines.”
   • Vietnamese Definition: Chú ý hoặc tập trung vào điều gì đó.
4. Come up with (theories) – to develop or suggest ideas or solutions.
   • Example: “The scientist came up with a groundbreaking theory.”
   • Vietnamese Definition: Nghĩ ra hoặc đưa ra ý tưởng/lý thuyết.

🟡 C1 Level

📘 Vocabulary

1. Captivating (adj) – extremely interesting or charming.
   • Phonemic Sound: /ˈkæp.tɪ.veɪ.tɪŋ/
   • Word Family:
     • Noun: Captivation (Her captivation with the story was evident.)
     • Verb: Captivate (The performance captivated the audience.)
   • Meaning: Fascinating or holding attention completely.
   • Contextual Example: “The movie’s captivating visuals left the audience in awe.”
   • Collocations:
     • Captivating story, captivating performance, captivating personality.
   • Vietnamese Definition: Lôi cuốn hoặc mê hoặc.
   • 🔊 Listen Here: Captivating pronunciation
2. Redundant (adj) – no longer needed or useful.
   • Phonemic Sound: /rɪˈdʌn.dənt/
   • Word Family:
     • Noun: Redundancy (There was redundancy in the old system.)
   • Meaning: Not necessary because it is more than needed.
   • Contextual Example: “The introduction of new software has made some jobs redundant.”
   • Collocations:
     • Redundant system, redundant employees.
   • Vietnamese Definition: Dư thừa hoặc không còn cần thiết.
   • 🔊 Listen Here: Redundant pronunciation
3. Scramble (v) – act quickly and with effort.
   • Phonemic Sound: /ˈskræm.bl̩/
   • Word Family:
     • Noun: Scrambling (Scrambling to find a solution was stressful.)
   • Meaning: To move or act urgently, often in a disorganized way.
   • Contextual Example: “He scrambled to finish the project before the deadline.”
   • Collocations:
     • Scramble for cover, scramble to meet.
   • Vietnamese Definition: Hoảng hốt hoặc nhanh chóng hành động.
   • 🔊 Listen Here: Scramble pronunciation
4. Manufacture (v) – produce or make.
   • Phonemic Sound: /ˌmæn.jəˈfæk.tʃər/
   • Word Family:
     • Noun: Manufacturer (The manufacturer specializes in car parts.)
     • Adjective: Manufactured (This product is manufactured locally.)
   • Meaning: To make or produce goods on a large scale.
   • Contextual Example: “The factory manufactures electronic devices.”
   • Collocations:
     • Manufacture goods, manufacture evidence.
   • Vietnamese Definition: Sản xuất hoặc chế tạo.
   • 🔊 Listen Here: Manufacture pronunciation
5. Infestation (n) – invasion by pests.
   • Phonemic Sound: /ˌɪn.fesˈteɪ.ʃən/
   • Word Family:
     • Verb: Infest (The house was infested with termites.)
   • Meaning: The presence of many insects or animals in a place where they are unwanted.
   • Contextual Example: “The crops were destroyed by a severe infestation of locusts.”
   • Collocations:
     • Insect infestation, pest infestation.
   • Vietnamese Definition: Sự phá hoại của côn trùng hoặc sinh vật gây hại.
   • 🔊 Listen Here: Infestation pronunciation
6. Convince (v) – persuade.
   • Phonemic Sound: /kənˈvɪns/
   • Word Family:
     • Noun: Conviction (Her conviction was evident during the debate.)
     • Adjective: Convincing (The convincing argument won the jury’s favor.)
   • Meaning: To make someone believe or agree.
   • Contextual Example: “He convinced her to try a new method.”
   • Collocations:
     • Convince someone of something, convince through evidence.
   • Vietnamese Definition: Thuyết phục ai đó.
   • 🔊 Listen Here: Convince pronunciation
7. Robust (adj) – strong and healthy.
   • Phonemic Sound: /rəʊˈbʌst/
   • Word Family:
     • Noun: Robustness (The robustness of the solution was praised.)
   • Meaning: Sturdy, strong, or effective.
   • Contextual Example: “The new bridge is robust enough to withstand earthquakes.”
   • Collocations:
     • Robust solution, robust design, robust economy.
   • Vietnamese Definition: Mạnh mẽ hoặc bền vững.
   • 🔊 Listen Here: Robust pronunciation
8. Salvage (v) – save from loss or destruction.
   • Phonemic Sound: /ˈsæl.vɪdʒ/
   • Word Family:
     • Noun: Salvage (The salvage operation retrieved valuable materials.)
   • Meaning: To recover or save something valuable.
   • Contextual Example: “The firefighters salvaged important documents from the blaze.”
   • Collocations:
     • Salvage items, salvage materials.
   • Vietnamese Definition: Cứu vãn hoặc phục hồi.
   • 🔊 Listen Here: Salvage pronunciation
9. Paradoxical (adj) – seemingly contradictory but possibly true.
   • Phonemic Sound: /ˌpær.əˈdɒk.sɪ.kəl/
   • Word Family:
     • Noun: Paradox (It’s a paradox that technology can isolate and connect people.)
   • Meaning: Something that seems contradictory but may actually be true.
   • Contextual Example: “It’s paradoxical that more safety features can lead to riskier behavior.”
   • Collocations:
     • Paradoxical effect, paradoxical result.
   • Vietnamese Definition: Có vẻ mâu thuẫn nhưng có thể đúng.
   • 🔊 Listen Here: Paradoxical pronunciation
10. Preserve (v) – keep safe or intact.
    • Phonemic Sound: /prɪˈzɜːv/
    • Word Family:
      • Noun: Preservation (The preservation of wildlife is crucial.)
      • Adjective: Preservable (Some foods are easily preservable.)
    • Meaning: To maintain or protect from harm or decay.
    • Contextual Example: “Efforts are being made to preserve historical landmarks.”
    • Collocations:
      • Preserve culture, preserve resources.
    • Vietnamese Definition: Bảo tồn hoặc giữ gìn.
    • 🔊 Listen Here: Preserve pronunciation

🤝 Collocations

1. Chemical defence – using chemicals to protect.
   • Example: “Plants use chemical defence against pests.”
   • Vietnamese Definition: Phòng vệ bằng hóa chất.
2. Mount a defence – prepare a response or protection.
   • Example: “The lawyers mounted a robust defence for their client.”
   • Vietnamese Definition: Chuẩn bị phòng thủ hoặc phản ứng.
3. Visible spectrum – range of light visible to the human eye.
   • Example: “The visible spectrum contains all the colors of the rainbow.”
   • Vietnamese Definition: Dải ánh sáng có thể nhìn thấy.
4. Excess light – more light than necessary.
   • Example: “Plants develop pigments to shield themselves from excess light.”
   • Vietnamese Definition: Ánh sáng dư thừa.

🤝 Collocations (continued)

5. Internal machinery – inner functioning parts.
   • Example: “The internal machinery of the device is very complex.”
   • Vietnamese Definition: Các bộ phận bên trong vận hành.
6. Light screen hypothesis – theory about light protection.
   • Example: “The light screen hypothesis suggests pigments protect against harmful rays.”
   • Vietnamese Definition: Giả thuyết về việc bảo vệ khỏi ánh sáng mạnh.
7. Overwhelmed by light – absorbing too much light energy.
   • Example: “Plants can become overwhelmed by light in high sunlight areas.”
   • Vietnamese Definition: Bị áp lực bởi ánh sáng quá nhiều.
8. Excess light energy – energy that surpasses what is needed.
   • Example: “Photosynthesis adjusts to handle excess light energy.”
   • Vietnamese Definition: Năng lượng ánh sáng dư thừa.

🔁 Phrasal Verbs

1. Ship back – return or send something back.
   • Example: “The damaged goods were shipped back to the supplier.”
   • Vietnamese Definition: Gửi trả lại.
2. Carry out (a theory/test) – perform or conduct.
   • Example: “The scientists carried out tests to verify the results.”
   • Vietnamese Definition: Thực hiện hoặc tiến hành thí nghiệm/lý thuyết.
3. Go to the trouble (of) – make an effort to do something difficult.
   • Example: “She went to the trouble of baking a cake from scratch for her guests.”
   • Vietnamese Definition: Bỏ công sức làm việc gì đó khó khăn.
4. Turn out (to be) – be discovered or understood as.
   • Example: “The experiment turned out to be more complex than expected.”
   • Vietnamese Definition: Hoá ra hoặc được hiểu là.

🔴 C2 Level

📘 Vocabulary

1. Anthocyanin (n) – red/blue plant pigment.
   • Phonemic Sound: /æn.θoʊˈsaɪ.ə.nɪn/
   • Word Family:
     • Adjective: Anthocyanic (The anthocyanic pigments give plants vibrant hues.)
   • Meaning: A type of pigment found in plants that produces red, purple, and blue colors.
   • Contextual Example: “Anthocyanins give autumn leaves their vivid red color.”
   • Collocations:
     • Anthocyanin pigment, anthocyanin compounds.
   • Vietnamese Definition: Sắc tố thực vật tạo ra màu đỏ và xanh lam.
   • 🔊 Listen Here: Anthocyanin pronunciation
2. Flavonoid (n) – plant compounds with health roles.
   • Phonemic Sound: /ˈfleɪ.və.nɔɪd/
   • Word Family:
     • Noun: Flavonoids (Flavonoids are abundant in fruits and vegetables.)
   • Meaning: A group of plant-based compounds that often have antioxidant properties.
   • Contextual Example: “Flavonoids in blueberries promote heart health.”
   • Collocations:
     • Flavonoid-rich food, health-promoting flavonoids.
   • Vietnamese Definition: Các hợp chất từ thực vật có lợi cho sức khỏe.
   • 🔊 Listen Here: Flavonoid pronunciation
3. Exquisitely evolved (collocation) – perfectly developed through evolution.
   • Phonemic Sound: /ɪkˈskwɪz.ɪt.li/ /ɪˈvɒlvd/
   • Meaning: Exceptionally fine-tuned or adapted as a result of evolutionary changes.
   • Contextual Example: “The exquisitely evolved features of the hummingbird ensure efficient pollination.”
   • Vietnamese Definition: Phát triển hoàn hảo qua quá trình tiến hóa.
   • 🔊 Listen Here: Exquisitely pronunciation
4. Acute (adj) – intense or severe.
   • Phonemic Sound: /əˈkjuːt/
   • Word Family:
     • Noun: Acuteness (The acuteness of the problem required immediate attention.)
   • Meaning: Severe, sharp, or extremely sensitive.
   • Contextual Example: “She felt acute pain after the accident.”
   • Collocations:
     • Acute pain, acute crisis.
   • Vietnamese Definition: Cấp tính hoặc nghiêm trọng.
   • 🔊 Listen Here: Acute pronunciation
5. Oversensitivity (n) – extreme sensitivity.
   • Phonemic Sound: /ˈoʊ.vərˌsen.sɪˈtɪv.ə.ti/
   • Word Family:
     • Adjective: Oversensitive (Some people are oversensitive to criticism.)
   • Meaning: Being overly responsive to stimuli or reactions.
   • Contextual Example: “Her oversensitivity to pollen caused severe allergies.”
   • Collocations:
     • Oversensitivity to light, oversensitivity to sound.
   • Vietnamese Definition: Nhạy cảm quá mức với tác động hoặc kích thích.
   • 🔊 Listen Here: Oversensitivity pronunciation
6. Unmasking (n) – revealing something hidden.
   • Phonemic Sound: /ʌnˈmɑː.skɪŋ/
   • Word Family:
     • Verb: Unmask (The investigation unmasked the truth.)
   • Meaning: The act of uncovering or exposing something previously concealed.
   • Contextual Example: “The unmasking of the thief was captured on camera.”
   • Collocations:
     • Unmasking motives, unmasking the truth.
   • Vietnamese Definition: Tiết lộ hoặc làm lộ ra điều bí mật.
   • 🔊 Listen Here: Unmasking pronunciation
7. Spectrum (n) – a range of wavelengths or ideas.
   • Phonemic Sound: /ˈspek.trəm/
   • Word Family:
     • Noun: Spectra (The spectra of light are fascinating to scientists.)
   • Meaning: A wide range or band, often of light or ideas.
   • Contextual Example: “The rainbow represents a spectrum of visible light.”
   • Collocations:
     • Full spectrum, visible spectrum.
   • Vietnamese Definition: Phổ hoặc dải rộng các bước sóng hoặc ý tưởng.
   • 🔊 Listen Here: Spectrum pronunciation
8. Subtle (adj) – not obvious but complex.
   • Phonemic Sound: /ˈsʌt.l̩/
   • Word Family:
     • Noun: Subtlety (The subtlety of his response was impressive.)
   • Meaning: Delicate, understated, or requiring keen perception to detect.
   • Contextual Example: “Her subtle smile conveyed deep understanding.”
   • Collocations:
     • Subtle differences, subtle hint.
   • Vietnamese Definition: Tinh tế hoặc không dễ nhận thấy.
   • 🔊 Listen Here: Subtle pronunciation
9. At their disposal (phrase) – available for use.
   • Phonemic Sound: /dɪˈspoʊ.zəl/
   • Meaning: Ready or accessible for someone to use or utilize.
   • Contextual Example: “With state-of-the-art tools at their disposal, scientists accelerated their research.”
   • Vietnamese Definition: Có sẵn để sử dụng.
   • 🔊 Listen Here: Disposal pronunciation
10. Drought (n) – long period without rain.
    • Phonemic Sound: /draʊt/
    • Word Family:
      • Adjective: Drought-stricken (The drought-stricken region needed help.)
    • Meaning: A prolonged shortage of rainfall leading to dry conditions.
    • Contextual Example: “The drought caused severe damage to the crops.”
    • Collocations:
      • Severe drought, drought relief.
    • Vietnamese Definition: Hạn hán kéo dài.
    • 🔊 Listen Here: Drought pronunciation

🤝 Collocations

1. Highly destructive effects – very damaging results.
   • Example: “Pollution can lead to highly destructive effects on marine life.”
   • Vietnamese Definition: Các tác động rất tàn phá.
2. Destructive oxygen – harmful form of oxygen.
   • Example: “Destructive oxygen radicals damage cells and tissues.”
   • Vietnamese Definition: Dạng oxy có hại gây phá hủy.
3. Sugar-based flavonoids – chemical group derived from sugar.
   • Example: “Sugar-based flavonoids offer potential health benefits.”
   • Vietnamese Definition: Nhóm hợp chất flavonoid dựa trên đường.
4. The flaw in the theory – weakness or gap in an idea.
   • Example: “The flaw in the theory became evident during testing.”
   • Vietnamese Definition: Lỗ hổng hoặc điểm yếu trong lý thuyết.
5. The most plausible suggestion – the most believable explanation.
   • Example: “The most plausible suggestion is that the pigments protect leaves from damage.”
   • Vietnamese Definition: Lời giải thích có khả năng nhất.
6. Unstable autumn leaf – fragile leaf in fall.
   • Example: “The unstable autumn leaves were quickly scattered by the wind.”
   • Vietnamese Definition:
7. Unstable autumn leaf – a fragile or easily damaged leaf in the fall season.
   • Example: “The unstable autumn leaf turned yellow before falling to the ground.”
   • Vietnamese Definition: Lá mùa thu dễ hỏng hoặc không ổn định.
8. Highly destructive effects – extremely damaging consequences.
   • Example: “Deforestation can lead to highly destructive effects on ecosystems.”
   • Vietnamese Definition: Các tác động cực kỳ phá hủy.
9. Destructive oxygen – a harmful form of oxygen that causes damage.
   • Example: “Plants have mechanisms to neutralize destructive oxygen molecules.”
   • Vietnamese Definition: Dạng oxy gây tổn hại hoặc phá hủy.
10. Sugar-based flavonoids – chemical compounds derived from sugars, often found in plants.
    • Example: “Sugar-based flavonoids are important for plant metabolism and color.”
    • Vietnamese Definition: Flavonoid dựa trên cấu trúc đường hóa học.
11. The flaw in the theory – a weakness or error in an idea or hypothesis.
    • Example: “Scientists debated the flaw in the theory during the conference.”
    • Vietnamese Definition: Sự thiếu sót hoặc điểm yếu trong lý thuyết.
12. The most plausible suggestion – the most likely or believable explanation.
    • Example: “The most plausible suggestion was that the change was due to climate patterns.”
    • Vietnamese Definition: Gợi ý có khả năng đúng nhất.

🔁 Phrasal Verbs

1. Resort to (doing something) – to use as a final option.
   • Example: “When all else failed, they resorted to using artificial light.”
   • Vietnamese Definition: Dùng đến biện pháp cuối cùng.
2. Dismantle chlorophyll molecules – to break down the molecules responsible for photosynthesis.
   • Example: “As autumn approaches, trees begin to dismantle chlorophyll molecules.”
   • Vietnamese Definition: Phân hủy các phân tử diệp lục.
3. Stand out (bright colors) – to be noticeable or distinctive.
   • Example: “The bright red leaves stand out against the gray sky.”
   • Vietnamese Definition: Nổi bật hoặc dễ nhận ra.
4. Take in (sunlight) – to absorb light or energy.
   • Example: “Plants take in sunlight to produce food through photosynthesis.”
   • Vietnamese Definition: Hấp thụ ánh sáng.
5. Turn over (chemicals) – to process or convert chemical substances.
   • Example: “The system efficiently turns over chemicals to generate energy.”
   • Vietnamese Definition: Chuyển hóa hoặc xử lý hóa chất.
6. Fade away – to disappear gradually.
   • Example: “The vibrant colors of the leaves began to fade away as winter approached.”
   • Vietnamese Definition: Mờ dần hoặc biến mất dần.