IETLS Band 6.5 up

Pre-intermediate to Intermediate Vocabulary

1. Trends

  • Phonemic Sound: /trɛndz/
  • Word Form: Noun (plural)
  • Word Family: Trend (singular noun), Trending (verb/adjective)
  • Meaning: A general direction in which something is developing or changing.
  • Contextual Example: Social media has a powerful influence on modern fashion trends.
  • Collocation: emerging trends, follow trends, set a trend
  • Vietnamese Definition: Xu hướng
  • Sound Link:

2. Transport

  • Phonemic Sound: /ˈtræn.spɔːrt/
  • Word Form: Noun (uncountable), Verb (to transport)
  • Word Family: Transportation (noun), Transportable (adjective)
  • Meaning: The act of moving people or goods from one place to another.
  • Contextual Example: Efficient transport systems are essential for economic growth.
  • Collocation: public transport, means of transport, transport network
  • Vietnamese Definition: Vận tải
  • Sound Link:

3. System

  • Phonemic Sound: /ˈsɪs.təm/
  • Word Form: Noun
  • Word Family: Systematic (adjective), Systematize (verb)
  • Meaning: A set of connected things or parts forming a complex whole.
  • Contextual Example: The education system in the country is undergoing major reforms.
  • Collocation: operating system, system failure, management system
  • Vietnamese Definition: Hệ thống
  • Sound Link:

4. Growth

  • Phonemic Sound: /ɡroʊθ/
  • Word Form: Noun
  • Word Family: Grow (verb), Growing (adjective)
  • Meaning: The process of increasing in size, number, or importance.
  • Contextual Example: The company recorded a steady growth in revenue last year.
  • Collocation: economic growth, rapid growth, sustainable growth
  • Vietnamese Definition: Sự tăng trưởng
  • Sound Link:

5. Efficient

  • Phonemic Sound: /ɪˈfɪʃ.ənt/
  • Word Form: Adjective
  • Word Family: Efficiency (noun), Efficiently (adverb)
  • Meaning: Achieving maximum productivity with minimal wasted effort or expense.
  • Contextual Example: Modern machines are designed to be highly efficient.
  • Collocation: energy-efficient, efficient system, efficient use of resources
  • Vietnamese Definition: Hiệu quả
  • Sound Link:

6. Demand

  • Phonemic Sound: /dɪˈmɑːnd/
  • Word Form: Noun (uncountable), Verb
  • Word Family: Demanding (adjective), Demandingly (adverb)
  • Meaning: The need or desire for goods or services by consumers.
  • Contextual Example: There is a high demand for electric vehicles in Europe.
  • Collocation: consumer demand, supply and demand, meet the demand
  • Vietnamese Definition: Nhu cầu
  • Sound Link:

7. Increase

  • Phonemic Sound: /ˈɪn.kriːs/ (noun), /ɪnˈkriːs/ (verb)
  • Word Form: Noun, Verb
  • Word Family: Increasing (adjective), Increased (adjective), Increasingly (adverb)
  • Meaning: To become or make something greater in size, amount, or degree.
  • Contextual Example: Global temperatures have increased significantly in the past century.
  • Collocation: steady increase, significant increase, increase in demand
  • Vietnamese Definition: Tăng
  • Sound Link:

8. Factors

  • Phonemic Sound: /ˈfæk.tə(r)z/
  • Word Form: Noun (plural)
  • Word Family: Factorize (verb), Factorization (noun)
  • Meaning: A fact or situation that influences the result of something.
  • Contextual Example: Climate change is one of the factors affecting agricultural production.
  • Collocation: key factors, contributing factors, economic factors
  • Vietnamese Definition: Các yếu tố
  • Sound Link:

9. Fleet

  • Phonemic Sound: /fliːt/
  • Word Form: Noun
  • Word Family: Fleeting (adjective), Fleetingly (adverb)
  • Meaning: A group of vehicles, ships, or planes that are controlled together.
  • Contextual Example: The company has added electric vehicles to its fleet.
  • Collocation: aircraft fleet, shipping fleet, fleet management
  • Vietnamese Definition: Đội (tàu, xe, máy bay)
  • Sound Link:

10. Goods

  • Phonemic Sound: /ɡʊdz/
  • Word Form: Noun (plural)
  • Word Family: Good (adjective)
  • Meaning: Items that are produced for sale or use.
  • Contextual Example: Imported goods are subject to taxes.
  • Collocation: imported goods, manufactured goods, consumer goods
  • Vietnamese Definition: Hàng hóa
  • Sound Link:

11. Economy

  • Phonemic Sound: /ɪˈkɒn.ə.mi/
  • Word Form: Noun
  • Word Family: Economic (adjective), Economically (adverb), Economist (noun)
  • Meaning: The system by which goods and services are produced, sold, and bought.
  • Contextual Example: The country’s economy has grown rapidly over the past decade.
  • Collocation: global economy, thriving economy, market economy
  • Vietnamese Definition: Nền kinh tế
  • Sound Link:

12. Production

  • Phonemic Sound: /prəˈdʌk.ʃən/
  • Word Form: Noun
  • Word Family: Produce (verb), Productive (adjective), Product (noun)
  • Meaning: The process of creating, manufacturing, or making goods.
  • Contextual Example: The production of electric cars is increasing worldwide.
  • Collocation: mass production, production costs, efficient production
  • Vietnamese Definition: Sự sản xuất
  • Sound Link:

13. Industries

  • Phonemic Sound: /ˈɪn.də.striz/
  • Word Form: Noun (plural)
  • Word Family: Industrial (adjective), Industrialization (noun)
  • Meaning: Sectors of the economy that produce goods or services.
  • Contextual Example: The fashion and technology industries are undergoing rapid changes.
  • Collocation: key industries, booming industries, service industries
  • Vietnamese Definition: Các ngành công nghiệp
  • Sound Link:

14. Cost

  • Phonemic Sound: /kɒst/
  • Word Form: Noun, Verb
  • Word Family: Costly (adjective), Costing (noun)
  • Meaning: The amount of money needed to buy, make, or do something.
  • Contextual Example: The cost of living has risen significantly in urban areas.
  • Collocation: cut costs, production costs, cost-effective
  • Vietnamese Definition: Chi phí
  • Sound Link:

15. Volume

  • Phonemic Sound: /ˈvɒl.juːm/
  • Word Form: Noun
  • Word Family: Voluminous (adjective)
  • Meaning: The amount or quantity of something, often in large scale.
  • Contextual Example: The volume of trade between the two countries has doubled.
  • Collocation: high volume, volume control, volume of goods
  • Vietnamese Definition: Khối lượng
  • Sound Link:

16. Import

  • Phonemic Sound: /ˈɪm.pɔːrt/ (noun), /ɪmˈpɔːrt/ (verb)
  • Word Form: Noun, Verb
  • Word Family: Importer (noun)
  • Meaning: To bring goods or products into a country from abroad.
  • Contextual Example: The country imports large quantities of oil.
  • Collocation: import duty, import volume, heavy imports
  • Vietnamese Definition: Nhập khẩu
  • Sound Link:

17. Export

  • Phonemic Sound: /ˈek.spɔːrt/ (noun), /ɪkˈspɔːrt/ (verb)
  • Word Form: Noun, Verb
  • Word Family: Exporter (noun)
  • Meaning: To send goods or products to another country for sale.
  • Contextual Example: Japan exports electronics worldwide.
  • Collocation: export market, export volume, main exports
  • Vietnamese Definition: Xuất khẩu
  • Sound Link:

18. Rail

  • Phonemic Sound: /reɪl/
  • Word Form: Noun
  • Word Family: Railway (noun)
  • Meaning: The metal track used by trains or the system of transport by trains.
  • Contextual Example: Rail transport is often faster than road transport for long distances.
  • Collocation: rail network, rail service, rail transport
  • Vietnamese Definition: Đường sắt
  • Sound Link:

19. Average

  • Phonemic Sound: /ˈæv.rɪdʒ/
  • Word Form: Adjective, Noun
  • Word Family: Averaging (verb)
  • Meaning: The usual level or amount of something.
  • Contextual Example: The average age of the participants was 30 years.
  • Collocation: on average, average speed, average cost
  • Vietnamese Definition: Trung bình
  • Sound Link:

20. Policy

  • Phonemic Sound: /ˈpɒl.ə.si/
  • Word Form: Noun
  • Word Family: Politician (noun), Political (adjective)
  • Meaning: A set of ideas or plans used as a basis for decisions.
  • Contextual Example: The government implemented new policies to reduce unemployment.
  • Collocation: foreign policy, company policy, policy decision
  • Vietnamese Definition: Chính sách
  • Sound Link:

21. Greenhouse

  • Phonemic Sound: /ˈɡriːn.haʊs/
  • Word Form: Noun
  • Word Family: Greenhousing (verb)
  • Meaning: A building made of glass used for growing plants, or figuratively, gases affecting Earth’s climate.
  • Contextual Example: The reduction of greenhouse gas emissions is vital for combating climate change.
  • Collocation: greenhouse effect, greenhouse gases, greenhouse emissions
  • Vietnamese Definition: Nhà kính hoặc khí nhà kính
  • Sound Link:

22. Gas

  • Phonemic Sound: /ɡæs/
  • Word Form: Noun
  • Word Family: Gassy (adjective), Gasify (verb)
  • Meaning: A substance like air that is neither solid nor liquid, often used as fuel.
  • Contextual Example: Natural gas is commonly used for heating homes.
  • Collocation: natural gas, fuel gas, gas emissions
  • Vietnamese Definition: Khí đốt
  • Sound Link:

23. Fuels

  • Phonemic Sound: /fjʊəlz/
  • Word Form: Noun (plural)
  • Word Family: Fueling (verb), Fuel (singular noun)
  • Meaning: Substances burned to produce energy, like coal or gas.
  • Contextual Example: Renewable fuels are becoming more popular in the transportation industry.
  • Collocation: alternative fuels, fossil fuels, fuel consumption
  • Vietnamese Definition: Nhiên liệu
  • Sound Link:

24. Energy

  • Phonemic Sound: /ˈen.ə.dʒi/
  • Word Form: Noun
  • Word Family: Energize (verb), Energetic (adjective)
  • Meaning: The strength or power used to perform activities or to create work.
  • Contextual Example: Wind energy is considered an eco-friendly power source.
  • Collocation: renewable energy, energy sources, energy efficiency
  • Vietnamese Definition: Năng lượng
  • Sound Link:

25. Challenge

  • Phonemic Sound: /ˈtʃæl.ɪndʒ/
  • Word Form: Noun, Verb
  • Word Family: Challenging (adjective), Challenger (noun)
  • Meaning: A task or situation that tests someone’s ability.
  • Contextual Example: Climate change is one of the greatest challenges facing humanity today.
  • Collocation: face a challenge, pose a challenge, challenging task
  • Vietnamese Definition: Thử thách
  • Sound Link:

26. Market

  • Phonemic Sound: /ˈmɑː.kɪt/
  • Word Form: Noun, Verb
  • Word Family: Marketing (noun), Marketable (adjective)
  • Meaning: A place or activity where goods are bought and sold.
  • Contextual Example: The global market for electric cars is rapidly growing.
  • Collocation: market share, global market, domestic market
  • Vietnamese Definition: Thị trường
  • Sound Link:

27. Measures

  • Phonemic Sound: /ˈmeʒ.ərz/
  • Word Form: Noun (plural), Verb
  • Word Family: Measurement (noun), Measurable (adjective)
  • Meaning: Actions taken to achieve a particular goal.
  • Contextual Example: Governments introduced strict measures to control inflation.
  • Collocation: safety measures, take measures, effective measures
  • Vietnamese Definition: Biện pháp
  • Sound Link:

28. Pricing

  • Phonemic Sound: /ˈpraɪ.sɪŋ/
  • Word Form: Noun
  • Word Family: Price (noun/verb), Priced (adjective)
  • Meaning: The process of determining the cost of a product or service.
  • Contextual Example: Competitive pricing is essential for attracting customers.
  • Collocation: competitive pricing, pricing strategy, dynamic pricing
  • Vietnamese Definition: Định giá
  • Sound Link:

29. Services

  • Phonemic Sound: /ˈsɜː.vɪ.sɪz/
  • Word Form: Noun (plural)
  • Word Family: Serve (verb), Serviceable (adjective)
  • Meaning: Work done by a company or organization to satisfy needs.
  • Contextual Example: The company offers high-quality customer services.
  • Collocation: public services, essential services, customer service
  • Vietnamese Definition: Dịch vụ
  • Sound Link:

30. Technology

  • Phonemic Sound: /tekˈnɒl.ə.dʒi/
  • Word Form: Noun
  • Word Family: Technological (adjective), Technologist (noun)
  • Meaning: The use of scientific knowledge for practical purposes.
  • Contextual Example: Advances in technology have transformed industries worldwide.
  • Collocation: modern technology, high technology, innovative technology
  • Vietnamese Definition: Công nghệ
  • Sound Link:

31. Infrastructure

  • Phonemic Sound: /ˈɪn.frəˌstrʌk.tʃər/
  • Word Form: Noun
  • Word Family: Infrastructural (adjective)
  • Meaning: Basic physical structures like roads, bridges, and buildings required for society.
  • Contextual Example: Investment in infrastructure is key to improving transportation systems.
  • Collocation: modern infrastructure, infrastructure development, basic infrastructure
  • Vietnamese Definition: Cơ sở hạ tầng
  • Sound Link:

Upper-intermediate to Advanced Vocabulary

32. Vigorous

  • Phonemic Sound: /ˈvɪɡ.ər.əs/
  • Word Form: Adjective
  • Word Family: Vigor (noun), Vigorously (adverb)
  • Meaning: Strong, healthy, and full of energy.
  • Contextual Example: Vigorous economic policies boosted growth in the country.
  • Collocation: vigorous activity, vigorous debate, vigorous growth
  • Vietnamese Definition: Mạnh mẽ
  • Sound Link:

33. Conceive

  • Phonemic Sound: /kənˈsiːv/
  • Word Form: Verb
  • Word Family: Conceivable (adjective), Conception (noun)
  • Meaning: To form an idea or a plan in the mind.
  • Contextual Example: It’s hard to conceive how such a large project will be implemented.
  • Collocation: conceive an idea, conceive a plan, conceivable solution
  • Vietnamese Definition: Tưởng tượng, hình dung
  • Sound Link:

34. Facilitating

  • Phonemic Sound: /fəˈsɪl.ɪ.teɪtɪŋ/
  • Word Form: Verb (facilitate)
  • Word Family: Facilitation (noun), Facilitator (noun)
  • Meaning: To make an action or process easier.
  • Contextual Example: Technology plays a crucial role in facilitating communication.
  • Collocation: facilitate trade, facilitate growth, facilitate collaboration
  • Vietnamese Definition: Tạo điều kiện thuận lợi
  • Sound Link:

35. Spectacular

  • Phonemic Sound: /spekˈtæk.jə.lər/
  • Word Form: Adjective
  • Word Family: Spectacle (noun), Spectacularly (adverb)
  • Meaning: Very impressive, dramatic, or eye-catching.
  • Contextual Example: The fireworks display was absolutely spectacular.
  • Collocation: spectacular views, spectacular performance, spectacular success
  • Vietnamese Definition: Ngoạn mục
  • Sound Link:

36. Substantial

  • Phonemic Sound: /səbˈstæn.ʃəl/
  • Word Form: Adjective
  • Word Family: Substantially (adverb), Substantiality (noun)
  • Meaning: Large in amount, value, or importance.
  • Contextual Example: There has been a substantial increase in renewable energy investments.
  • Collocation: substantial progress, substantial change, substantial evidence
  • Vietnamese Definition: Đáng kể
  • Sound Link:

37. Determining

  • Phonemic Sound: /dɪˈtɜː.mɪnɪŋ/
  • Word Form: Verb (determine), Adjective (determining)
  • Word Family: Determination (noun), Determinative (adjective)
  • Meaning: To find out something or decide something firmly.
  • Contextual Example: The cost of materials is a determining factor in construction projects.
  • Collocation: determining factor, determining role, determine results
  • Vietnamese Definition: Mang tính quyết định
  • Sound Link:

38. Relocation

  • Phonemic Sound: /ˌriː.ləʊˈkeɪ.ʃən/
  • Word Form: Noun
  • Word Family: Relocate (verb), Relocated (adjective)
  • Meaning: The process of moving to a new place or area.
  • Contextual Example: Many companies are considering relocation to reduce operational costs.
  • Collocation: business relocation, company relocation, relocation process
  • Vietnamese Definition: Sự di chuyển, chuyển địa điểm
  • Sound Link:

39. Labour-intensive

  • Phonemic Sound: /ˈleɪ.bər ɪnˌten.sɪv/
  • Word Form: Adjective
  • Word Family: Labour (noun), Intensive (adjective)
  • Meaning: Requiring a large amount of human labor.
  • Contextual Example: Farming is often considered a labour-intensive industry.
  • Collocation: labour-intensive work, labour-intensive industry, labour-intensive process
  • Vietnamese Definition: Tốn nhiều lao động
  • Sound Link:

40. Emphasised

  • Phonemic Sound: /ˈem.fə.saɪzd/
  • Word Form: Verb (emphasise), Adjective (emphasised)
  • Word Family: Emphasis (noun), Emphatic (adjective)
  • Meaning: To give special importance or value to something.
  • Contextual Example: The report emphasised the need for greater sustainability efforts.
  • Collocation: emphasised importance, emphasised need, strongly emphasised
  • Vietnamese Definition: Được nhấn mạnh
  • Sound Link:

42. Haulage

  • Phonemic Sound: /ˈhɔː.lɪdʒ/
  • Word Form: Noun
  • Word Family: Haul (verb), Hauler (noun)
  • Meaning: The commercial transport of goods by road or railway.
  • Contextual Example: Road haulage accounts for the majority of goods transportation in Europe.
  • Collocation: road haulage, freight haulage, haulage company
  • Vietnamese Definition: Vận tải hàng hóa
  • Sound Link:

43. Sustainable

  • Phonemic Sound: /səˈsteɪ.nə.bəl/
  • Word Form: Adjective
  • Word Family: Sustainability (noun), Sustain (verb)
  • Meaning: Able to be maintained at a certain level without exhausting resources.
  • Contextual Example: Sustainable energy sources include wind and solar power.
  • Collocation: sustainable development, sustainable energy, sustainable practices
  • Vietnamese Definition: Bền vững
  • Sound Link:

44. Objective

  • Phonemic Sound: /əbˈdʒek.tɪv/
  • Word Form: Noun, Adjective
  • Word Family: Objectively (adverb), Objectivity (noun)
  • Meaning: A goal or aim to be achieved.
  • Contextual Example: The company’s primary objective is to reduce waste production.
  • Collocation: achieve objectives, key objective, main objective
  • Vietnamese Definition: Mục tiêu
  • Sound Link:

45. Integration

  • Phonemic Sound: /ˌɪn.tɪˈɡreɪ.ʃən/
  • Word Form: Noun
  • Word Family: Integrate (verb), Integrated (adjective)
  • Meaning: The process of combining things into a unified whole.
  • Contextual Example: The integration of renewable energy sources is critical to the project.
  • Collocation: regional integration, full integration, successful integration
  • Vietnamese Definition: Sự hội nhập
  • Sound Link:

46. Ecological

  • Phonemic Sound: /ˌiː.kəˈlɒdʒ.ɪ.kəl/
  • Word Form: Adjective
  • Word Family: Ecology (noun), Ecologist (noun)
  • Meaning: Related to the relationship between living organisms and their environment.
  • Contextual Example: Ecological concerns are shaping environmental policies worldwide.
  • Collocation: ecological balance, ecological impact, ecological system
  • Vietnamese Definition: Thuộc về sinh thái
  • Sound Link:

47. Necessity

  • Phonemic Sound: /nəˈses.ə.ti/
  • Word Form: Noun
  • Word Family: Necessary (adjective), Necessitate (verb)
  • Meaning: Something essential or indispensable.
  • Contextual Example: Access to clean water is a necessity for every human being.
  • Collocation: basic necessity, absolute necessity, necessity for change
  • Vietnamese Definition: Nhu cầu, điều thiết yếu
  • Sound Link:

48. Marginalisation

  • Phonemic Sound: /ˌmɑː.dʒɪ.nəl.aɪˈzeɪ.ʃən/
  • Word Form: Noun
  • Word Family: Marginalize (verb), Marginal (adjective)
  • Meaning: The process of making someone or something less important or significant.
  • Contextual Example: Rail freight services face marginalisation due to the growth of road transport.
  • Collocation: social marginalisation, economic marginalisation, marginalisation process
  • Vietnamese Definition: Sự cách ly, sự gạt ra ngoài lề
  • Sound Link:

49. Modal

  • Phonemic Sound: /ˈməʊ.dəl/
  • Word Form: Adjective
  • Word Family: Modality (noun)
  • Meaning: Relating to a mode, especially of transport or communication.
  • Contextual Example: The plan focuses on achieving a modal shift from road to rail transport.
  • Collocation: modal split, modal choice, modal integration
  • Vietnamese Definition: Thuộc phương thức hoặc kiểu loại
  • Sound Link:

50. Complementary

  • Phonemic Sound: /ˌkɒm.plɪˈmen.tər.i/
  • Word Form: Adjective
  • Word Family: Complement (noun/verb), Complementarity (noun)
  • Meaning: Combining in a way that enhances or completes something.
  • Contextual Example: Rail services and road transport should be complementary rather than competing.
  • Collocation: complementary services, complementary roles, complementary efforts
  • Vietnamese Definition: Bổ trợ, bổ sung
  • Sound Link:

51. Revitalising

  • Phonemic Sound: /ˌriːˈvaɪ.təl.aɪzɪŋ/
  • Word Form: Verb (revitalise)
  • Word Family: Revitalisation (noun)
  • Meaning: To bring new life, energy, or success to something.
  • Contextual Example: Investments are revitalising the urban rail network.
  • Collocation: revitalising economy, revitalising strategy, revitalising plans
  • Vietnamese Definition: Làm sống lại, hồi sinh
  • Sound Link:

52. Cohesion

  • Phonemic Sound: /kəʊˈhiː.ʒən/
  • Word Form: Noun
  • Word Family: Cohesive (adjective), Cohere (verb)
  • Meaning: The action of forming a united whole.
  • Contextual Example: Regional cohesion is essential for the development of shared infrastructure.
  • Collocation: social cohesion, community cohesion, cohesion within groups
  • Vietnamese Definition: Sự gắn kết
  • Sound Link:

53. Saturated

  • Phonemic Sound: /ˈsætʃ.ər.eɪ.tɪd/
  • Word Form: Adjective
  • Word Family: Saturation (noun), Saturate (verb)
  • Meaning: Containing as much as possible; overly full.
  • Contextual Example: Urban roads are saturated with traffic during peak hours.
  • Collocation: saturated market, saturated network, saturated solution
  • Vietnamese Definition: Bão hòa
  • Sound Link:

54. Arteries

  • Phonemic Sound: /ˈɑː.tər.iz/
  • Word Form: Noun (plural)
  • Word Family: Artery (singular)
  • Meaning: Major routes for transportation or circulation.
  • Contextual Example: Highways are the main arteries of the national transport system.
  • Collocation: main arteries, transport arteries, arteries of commerce
  • Vietnamese Definition: Đường giao thông chính, huyết mạch
  • Sound Link:

55. Ambitious

  • Phonemic Sound: /æmˈbɪʃ.əs/
  • Word Form: Adjective
  • Word Family: Ambition (noun), Ambitiously (adverb)
  • Meaning: Having a strong desire to achieve success or difficult goals.
  • Contextual Example: The government has set ambitious targets for reducing emissions.
  • Collocation: ambitious goals, ambitious project, highly ambitious
  • Vietnamese Definition: Tham vọng, hoài bão
  • Sound Link:

 

 

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