Sugar

Sugar is used as a sweetener all over the world. People sugar all sorts of food and drinks to make them taste better. Sugar is often added to tea or coffee and tocertain types of pastries.  The food industry adds sugar to soft drinks and ice cream.

Sugar is a simple carbohydrate, a substance that gives us energy. However, too much sugar can be harmful. It can cause obesity and tooth decay. People whoconsume too much sugar can be hyperactive. That is why some people useartificial sweeteners instead of sugar. 

Types of sugar

Our sugar is also referred to as sucrose. It is made up of two basic components. Glucose comes from the carbohydrates that we eat. Our body changes them to energy and transports them into the bloodstream. Fructose occurs naturally, especially in fruits, vegetables and honey. When we eat an apple or orange fructose is changed into glucose and goes into our blood.
Lactose, or milk sugar, is found in dairy products. Some adults are not able to digest milk sugar and should not consume dairy products.

Different kinds of sugar

How sugar is produced

Sugar can be manufactured from two natural products: sugar cane and sugarbeets. About 70% of the world’s 200 million tons of sugar comes from sugar cane.

Sugar beets grow in temperate climates of the world.  Sugar is contained the white roots of the beet. These beets are dug out of the ground and brought to afactory, where they are washed and cut. Afterwards they are heated to a juicymixture. As the juice evaporates sugar crystals start to form. They are separated from the juice and processed further. Raw sugar is brown or yellow. It is chemicallybleached to make it white. Then sugar is packaged and sold.  The syrup that iseventually left over is called molasses.

Sugar cane is in the stalks of a tall plant that grows in the tropical regions. Brazil, India and China are the world’s largest producers of sugar cane. When the stalks are ripe they are harvested and crushed in a special machine that squeezes out the sugar liquid. The process after that is similar to the way sugar beets are processed.

Sugar cane plantation in Brazil

History of sugar

Sugar has been known for a long time. Early inhabitants of Pacific Island used sugar thousands of years ago. Sugar cane was also grown in ancient India and in other cultures. Sugar reached Europe at the beginning of the Middle Ages. During the Age of Explorationnavigators brought sugar to Africa and America, where it was planted in the southern colonies of the United States.

Words

• add = put into
• afterwards = after that
• ancient = old
• artificial = not natural; man-made
• basic = main
• beet = a vegetable, the root of which can be cooked
• bleach = to make something white or pale
• bloodstream = the blood flowing through paths in the body
• carbohydrate = stuff that is in sugar, bread, potatoes etc.. which gives your body heat and energy; it is made up of oxygen, carbon and hydrogen
• certain = special
• consume = eat
• contain = to have in it
• crush = break into small pieces
• dairy product = products that come from the cow, like milk, cheese, butter etc..
• digest = to change food into substances that the body can use
• dig out = to get something out of the ground
• especially = above all
• evaporate = to change into a gas
• eventually = in the end
• factory = place where something is produced
• harmful = dangerous
• harvest = gather or bring in crops from the field
• however = but
• hyperactive = not able to keep still for very long
• inhabitant = a person who lives in a place
• instead of = in something’s place
• liquid = fluid
• manufacture = produce
• mixture = a combination of two or more substances
• navigator = person on a ship who plans which way to go
• obesity = if someone is too fat
• occur = can be found
• package = to put into boxes
• pastry = a mixture of flour, butter and milk used to make pies and other baked food
• process = to change or preserve food so that it is ready to be sold
• raw = natural, pure
• refer to = called
• ripe = fully grown
• similar = like
• soft drink = cold drink that does not have alcohol in it
• squeeze = to press something together
• stalk = the long narrow part of a plant
• substance = stuff, material
• sweetener = a substance that makes food sweeter
• temperate = not too warm and not too cold
• tooth decay = when your tooth has a hole in it and is slowly damaged